Libya (opposition):
Years after the fall of Ghaddafi during the Arab Spring, Libya is in the midst of a civil war. Since then, government troops on one side and the fighters of General Chalifa Haftar have been facing each other there. The government is supported with arms supplies by Turkey and Qatar, Haftar's troops by Egypt, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and Russia. According to the UN, deliveries have continued since then and the arms embargo against Libya is completely inefficient. The embargo was established due to systematic violation of human rights, including repression of demonstrators by the government.,
Sudan (Darfur):
The violent crisis over autonomy of the Darfur region in western Sudan between the opposition alliance Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF) and especially its member group Sudan Liberation Movement led by Abdul Wahid al-Nur (SPLM-AW), on the one hand, and the government as well as governmentbacked paramilitary groups, such as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), on the other hand, escalated to a limited war. Having de-escalated from a war to a violent crisis in 2019, the Darfur conflict intensified to a limited war in 2020 as attacks against civilians caused high numbers of fatalities and IDPs. Before 2019, the conflict was conducted on war-level for 15 years. The AU-UN hybrid operation UNAMID, formally approved in 2007 to stabilize Darfur region, ended with the end of the year. The armed groups of the SRF were predominantly recruited among the Fur, Zaghawa, and Massalit communities, who also constitute the majority of Darfur's population. The SRF has been fighting the government since 2003, accusing it of oppressing the Darfur population and of cooperating with Arabic-speaking armed groups. The SRF comprises the SLM and its two main factions led by Abdul Wahid al-Nur (SLMAW) and by Minni Minnawi (SLM-MM), the Sudan Liberation Movement-Transitional Council (SLM-TC), the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) [! Sudan (SPLM/A-North / South Kordofan, Blue Nile). The government recruits RSF fighters from among different groups of nomadic Arabicspeaking fighters who have been involved in the Darfur conflict since 2003,
Sudan (inter-communal rivalry):
The limited war over subnational predominance and resources such as cattle and pastureland between various communities de-escalated to a violent crisis. The conflict line was for the most part set between either farming or herding communities as well as between communities that identify either as ethnic Arab or ethnic African. Most of the inter-communal violence occurred in Red Sea state and Kassala state.,
Sudan (opposition):
The limited war over national power and the orientation of the political system between different opposition groups, especially the coalition Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC), one the one hand, and the transitional government led by Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, on the other, de-escalated to a violent crisis. The transitional government deployed the paramilitary force Rapid Support Forces (RSF) which has close ties to the infamous Janjaweed militia and the commander of which is vice-president of Sudan. The,
Sudan (SPLM/A-North / South Kordofan, Blue Nile):
No detailed conflict description by Heidelberg Conflict Barometer,
Yemen, Saudi Arabia (al-Houthi forces):
The war over national power between al-Houthi forces, supported by the Iranian government, on the one hand, and the internationally recognized Yemeni government, supported by the Saudi Arabia-led coalition, continued. At the same time the conflict between al-Qaeda and the al-Houthi forces also continues. In December, UN-OCHA suggested the war's total death toll had reached 230,000. Millions have fled, two thirds of the population are dependend on food aid. The United Nations calls it the „worst humanitarian crisis in the world“.